ISSUE 23 ARCHIVE - DIVE DENTIST

Celehte Fortuin

Hands up those of us who have gotten to the dive site, really excited, kitted up, buddy checked, final OKs, you're about to jump in, de-fog the mask.... and nothing, nada, zip, zilch, niks?? You're dry as a bone. The Sahara has more water than your mouth at that point! As you turn to your buddy to ask for some of their, uhm, you know, fancy mask defogging spray bottle thingy, you can't help but wonder where all the saliva disappeared to? No one? Just me? Riiiggghhhttt.

Let's see what else there is to saliva besides the awesome benefit as a mask defogging agent!

Q. I took up Scuba Diving a year or so ago. Diving as often as I could and having completed my AOW, I went on a liveaboard in Egypt. I love diving but have noticed from the beginning a sensation of a very dry mouth during the dives. I hoped this would eventually go away. Unfortunately it has not and more worryingly, during my holiday, it has been accompanied by some sensitive teeth as well. Is this normal or something that needs further attention?

DD: Having spoken to a few instructor friends, this seems to be a common complaint not only amongst themselves, but from their students too.

Saliva plays a critical role in our oral health and its functions include; cleansing, buffering, neutralizing pH, antimicrobial (balancing good and bad bacteria), lubricant, assisting in whole body water balance and helping us experience taste and digest food, to name but a few! (so much for a bit of drool hey!) Lubricating the mouth allows for smooth airflow, aiding talking and swallowing, and further protects mucosa against thermal, mechanical and chemical irritants. As a buffering agent it helps to neutralize the pH. After meals, our mouth is an acidic environment, ideal for breakdown of the mineral matrix of the enamel, allowing bacterial penetration and cavity formation. It assists in water balance (important for us as divers) in that during dehydration, saliva flow is reduced, causing thirst and an increase intake of fluids.

There are multiple causes of Xerostomia (dry mouth). Quite a few of these directly relate to our favourite pastime, while knowledge of the rest will at least help us manage it better.

As divers, the first, most obvious cause is breathing dry compressed air. Unable to drink water during a dive, the oral mucosa rapidly dries out leaving teeth and gums vulnerable and exposed.

Stressful situations drastically reduces saliva flow. These may include, first ever dives, new dive experiences, feeling rushed, nervousness re the dive itself (depth, buddy, conditions, viz), the film Jaws... Dehydration as a cause of xerostomia is pretty high up on our list too. With as little as 8% dehydration, saliva flow rate is reduced to nearly zero! On average, a 70kg person consisting of 50kg of water with 8% dehydration relates to a loss of 4L! Besides wanting some saliva for defogging, we know that dehydration increases the risk of DCI, so drinking water before, between and after dives will greatly aid in saliva production and flow.

Nearly 80% of commonly prescribed and over-the- counter medication lists dry mouth as a side effect! Antihistamines, antidepressants, anti hypertension, sedatives and tranquilizers, to name but a few. Commonly used anti nausea tablets being a big culprit on boat dive trips!

Sjögrens Syndrome (an illness associated with dry eyes, dry mouth, increased oral infections and severely impaired salivary gland function) can be an underlying cause of Xerostomia. A visit to either your GP or Dentist is required for a proper diagnosis.

The total effect of suffering from Xerostomia can now be better appreciated. An increased risk of dental caries is something we can certainly all do without for starters. If, early carious lesions are not remineralised, tooth sensitivity will follow. Halitosis (bad breath), difficulty in swallowing, speaking, chewing, increased risk of oral infections and gingivitis are all negative side effects of xerostomia (dry mouth).

The good news is there are a few things we can do to better manage these side effects, without having to hang up our fins.

1 — Maintain good oral health.Brush twice daily, use a fluoride toothpaste and on diving holidays use an alcohol free fluoride mouthwash.

2 — Keep hydrated! A quick glass or two before diving is just not going to cut it.

3 — Follow low sugar diets. Don't despair, it's not what you eat, it's how you eat it. Discuss a diet analysis with your dentist for more information.

4 — Chew sugar free chewing gum (with artificial sweetener Xylitol as it's proven antibacterial effects help remineralise enamel).

5 — In cases of sustained Xerostomia, medication such as sprays, special sugar free lozenges, lubricants and artificial saliva may help.

By no means is this meant to be exhaustive of the causes, effects, side effects and management solutions for Xerostomia. I have tried to cover this with a focus on factors that affect us as divers. If anything mentioned here does not fit, please contact your dentist. Happy flossing (er, diving!)